影响有效沟通的四种“噪音”

There are four kinds of noise. 【（影响有效沟通的四种噪音】

1. Physiological noise is a distraction caused by hunger, fatigue, headaches, medication and other factors that affect how we feel and think. 【第一种是生理噪音，举凡生理上的饥饿、疲惫、头痛、药物影响以及其他足以左右我们的感受和思考的因素，通通归于此类。】

2. Physical noise is interference in our environments, such as noises made by others, overly dim or bright lights, spam and pop-up ads, extreme temperatures, and crowded conditions. 【第二种是物理噪音，举凡环境中的干扰，譬如他人发出的噪音、过暗或过亮的灯光、垃圾邮件与弹出式的广告、极端的气温以及过度拥挤的情况，通通归于此类。】

3. Psychological noise refers to qualities in us that affect how we communicate and interpret others. For instance, if you are preoccupied with a problem, you may be inattentive at a team meeting. Likewise, prejudice and defensive feelings can interfere with communication. 【第三种是心理噪音，指的是足以影响沟通与解读他人的自我内在特质。譬如，若你有心事，你在小组会议上就会心不在焉。同样的，偏见与防卫意识也会对沟通形成干扰。】

4. Finally, semantic noise exists when words themselves are not mutually understood. Authors sometimes create semantic noise by using jargon or unnecessarily technical language. 【第四种是语义噪音，指的是双方对语词本身没有共同的理解。当说话的一方使用一些专门的术语或没必要的技术语言的时候，就会形成语义噪音。】